Victims were subject to extreme, horrific verbal and physical abuse. This was often so painful and degrading that some prisoners were driven to suicide rather than continue to endure it. They beat inmates with hands and fists, and an array of weapons like truncheons, whips and sticks. The unruly nature of the early camps, particularly those led by the SA, soon became a problem for the Nazis. A number of experiments in Prussia and purpose built camps at Emsland in late and failed to bring the camps under any semblance of order.
Once the SS had become an independent organisation on the 20 July following the Night of Long Knives , they took over control of the camps. Punishment and torture were common across the early camps. This document is a copy of the disciplinary rules for Dachau Concentration Camp, issued on 1 October This document is a translation used in the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials.
The early camps were not meant for long-term use, and those who ran them did not aim to murder their prisoners. However, most showed a distinct disregard for their inmates health and welfare. Whilst the majority of those who were imprisoned in survived, the conditions in which they were held were horrific and inhumane.
Across almost all camps there was a lack of facilities, such as heating, beds and washrooms. On March 22 , the first prisoner transports arrive at the camp set up on the grounds of a disused gunpowder and munitions factory. The camp commandant, Theodor Eicke, introduces a system in October that includes brutal punishment rules for the prisoners and duty orders for the camp SS.
The regulations institutionalize SS rule over the prisoners that is characterized by tyranny and terror. The first prisoner transport in a bus arrives at the gatehouse of the former factory grounds Municipal archives Munich. The role of the SS in this massacre contributes decisively to its rise in power. SS units take charge of other concentration camps up until now guarded by the SA. Heinrich Himmler l. In Adolf Hitler decides to utilize the concentration camp system as a permanent instrument of political terror and extend its scope.
This paves the way for promulgating a permanent state of emergency and installing despotic rule by the Gestapo Geheime Staatspolizei and SS under Heinrich Himmler. Prisoners on their way to receive rations in the first Dachau camp, SS propaganda photo Federal archives.
With the exception of the Dachau concentration camp, all early concentration camps are disbanded and new larger sites of incarceration are built. An inestimable number, running into the thousands, were never registered, making it impossible to know exactly how many people were imprisoned at Dachau and how many died there. The Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site , which stands on the site of the original camp, opened to the public in It is free to enter and thousands of people visit Dachau each year to learn about what happened there and remember those who were imprisoned and died during the Holocaust.
But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Auschwitz, also known as Auschwitz-Birkenau, opened in and was the largest of the Nazi concentration and death camps.
Located in southern Poland, Auschwitz initially served as a detention center for political prisoners. However, it evolved into a network of camps where Since , the word has taken on a new and horrible meaning: the ideological and systematic state-sponsored Roosevelt through his Executive Order From to , it was the policy of the U. Facing economic, social, and political oppression, thousands of German Jews wanted to flee the Third Reich but found few countries willing to accept them.
Heinrich Himmler , a Hitler capitalized on economic woes, popular discontent and political infighting to take absolute power in Germany beginning in Residents of the Jewish ghetto in Nazi-occupied Warsaw, Poland, staged the armed revolt to prevent deportations to Nazi-run extermination camps. The Warsaw uprising Anne Frank , a young Jewish girl, her sister, and her parents moved to the Netherlands from Germany after Adolf Hitler and the Nazis came to power there in and made life increasingly difficult for Jews.
Between and , Nazi Germany and its allies established more than 44, camps and other incarceration sites including ghettos. The perpetrators used these locations for a range of purposes, including forced labor, detention of people deemed to be "enemies of the state," and mass murder.
Millions of people suffered and died or were killed. Among these sites was Dachau, the longest operating camp. The Dachau concentration camp was established in March It was the first regular concentration camp established by the National Socialist Nazi government. Heinrich Himmler , as police president of Munich, officially described the camp as "the first concentration camp for political prisoners. It was located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory near the northeastern part of the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich in southern Germany.
On March 22, , the first prisoner transports arrived at the camp. During the first year, the camp had a capacity of 5, prisoners. Initially the internees were primarily German Communists, Social Democrats, trade unionists, and other political opponents of the Nazi regime.
Over time, other groups were also interned at Dachau, such as Jehovah's Witnesses , Roma Gypsies , homosexuals , as well as "asocials" and repeat criminal offenders. During the early years relatively few Jews were interned in Dachau and then usually because they belonged to one of the above groups or had completed prison sentences after being convicted for violating the Nuremberg Laws of When Eicke became Inspector of the newly established German concentration camp system, he ensured that the Dachau camp served as a model for all later concentration camps.
It also became a training center for SS guards who were deployed throughout the concentration camp system. In early , the SS, using prisoner labor, began construction of a large complex of buildings on the grounds of the original camp. Prisoners were forced to do this work, starting with the destruction of the old munitions factory, under terrible conditions. The construction was officially completed in mid-August and the camp remained essentially unchanged until Dachau thus remained in operation for the entire period of the Third Reich.
The Dachau camp was a training center for SS concentration camp guards. The camp's organization and routine became the model for all Nazi concentration camps. The number of Jewish prisoners at Dachau rose with the increased persecution of Jews.
On November 10—11, , in the aftermath of Kristallnacht , almost 11, Jewish men were interned there. Most of men in this group were released after incarceration of a few weeks to a few months, many after proving they had made arrangements to emigrate from Germany.
0コメント