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Over the last 80 years, worldwide efforts have been made to eliminate iodine deficiency. Iodized salt has been the mainstay of the prevention of iodine deficiency worldwide. In regions where iodized salt is not widely available, or where pregnant women are known to have inadequate iodine intakes, use of a daily iodine-containing supplement may be recommended for pregnant and breastfeeding women. Injections of iodized oil are occasionally used in severely iodine deficient regions of the world where widespread iodized salt use is not possible.
Individuals who add salt to their food regularly during cooking or at the table should use iodized salt. Most U. Taking too much iodine can also cause problems. This is especially true in individuals that already have thyroid problems, such as nodules, hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thyroid disease. Administration of large amounts of iodine through medications i. In addition, individuals who move from an iodinedeficient region for example, parts of Europe to a region with adequate iodine intake for example, the United States may also develop thyroid problems since their thyroids have become very good at taking up and using small amounts of iodine.
In particular, these patients may develop iodine-induced hyperthyroidism see Hyperthyroidism brochure. Iodine Deficiency FAQ. For information on thyroid patient support organizations, please visit the Patient Support Links section on the ATA website at www. Iodine Deficiency. Iodine Deficiency FAQs. In their most severe forms, IDDs can lead to cretinism, stillbirth and miscarriage; even mild deficiency can cause a significant loss of learning ability.
For the last 30 years, universal salt iodization has been the most widely used strategy to improve population iodine intake and prevent IDD. The latest estimates indicate that globally, 89 per cent of the population used salt with some iodine in — meaning nearly 1 billion people did not consume iodized salt. East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia had the highest coverage with iodized salt at 92 per cent and 90 per cent respectively.
The lowest coverage with iodized salt was seen in Eastern and Southern Africa, where just over 4 in 5 in people had access to salt with any iodine. The majority of countries with equity data on household wealth show some degree of inequity in favor of the richest households for consumption of iodized salt i.
Of these 49 countries showing a higher coverage among richest when compared to poorest, only 6 had coverage that was at least twice as high as the poorest households red circles. One in three, or 30 out of the 82 countries with data, showed equity between the richest and poorest households for consumption of iodized salt.
The data also show that countries with higher overall coverage circles in the top right quadrant tend to have more equitable distribution of coverage i.
The ultimate goal is to ensure that the population iodine status, as assessed by indicators including urinary iodine concentration, is adequate i. A sufficient level of iodine in salt should be defined based on local conditions and linked with iodine status and, if available, salt intake data. Countries can use data on different indicators, including iodized salt consumption, quality of iodized salt and iodine status, to adjust programs as necessary. WHO maintains a database on programme impact with indicators related to urinary iodine and goitre prevalence.
Currently, no agency is responsible for reporting on other process-related indicators regarding production, importation or sales. Ideally, the entire set of process indicators should be combined with impact data to best guide programmes and policies in individual countries.
The latest monitoring manual suggests a minimum of 15 parts per million ppm of iodine in salt. The amount of iodine in salt samples is important to assess: To be fully effective in correcting iodine deficiency, salt with iodine must not only reach the entire affected population, it also needs to have sufficient yet not too much iodine. While some countries may have different targets e.
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