Horace Mann argued that phonics should not be used at all. The Dick and Jane readers that many parents may remember fondly were an outgrowth of the anti-phonics movement of the middle twentieth century.
The debate has shifted over time since the introduction of the whole language philosophy of teaching reading. For that reason, a polarized dichotomy arose and created a raging debate. Congress commissioned panels to study the teaching of reading and the U. Department of Education conducted its own research and reviews.
Synthetic phonics The most widely used approach associated with the teaching of reading in which phonemes sounds associated with particular graphemes letters are pronounced in isolation and blended together synthesised.
Analytical phonics A popular approach in Scotland, this method is associated with the teaching of reading in which the phonemes associated with particular graphemes are not pronounced in isolation. Analogy phonics A type of analytic phonics in which children analyse phonic elements according to the phonograms in the word. Embedded phonics An approach to the teaching of reading in which phonics forms one part of a whole language programme.
Download some of our phonics resources. It sets out a detailed and systematic programme for teaching phonic skills for children starting by the age of five, with the aim of them becoming fluent readers by age seven. Children are taught in single-phase groups by a member of staff. What are the 'Letters and Sounds' phases? There are six overlapping phases, as detailed below:.
Phase One typically, Nursery. Activities are divided into seven aspects, including environmental sounds, instrumental sounds, body sounds, rhythm and rhyme, alliteration, voice sounds and finally oral blending and segmenting. Phase Two typically, Nursery. Learning 19 letters of the alphabet and one sound for each. Blending sounds together to make words. Segmenting words into their separate sounds.
Beginning to read simple captions. Phase Three typically , Reception , up to 12 weeks. The remaining 7 letters of the alphabet, one sound for each. Graphemes such as ch, oo, th representing the remaining phonemes not covered by single letters. Reading captions, sentences and questions. On completion of this phase, children will have learnt the "simple code", i. Phase Four typically, Reception , 4 to 6 weeks. No new grapheme-phoneme correspondences are taught in this phase.
Children learn to blend and segment longer words with adjacent consonants, e. Phase Five typically, Year 1. Children learn more graphemes for the phonemes which they already know, plus different ways of pronouncing the graphemes they already know.
Phase Six typically, Lower School. Working on spelling, including prefixes and suffixes, doubling and dropping letters etc. There are many technical terms which are used in phonics. It can sometimes seem that teachers, teaching assistants and even pupils are talking in a different language, leaving parents and carers bewildered and confused. Below is an explanation of the most commonly used phonics terminology:. For older readers who are still struggling to develop reading skills, phonics approaches may be less successful than other approaches such as Reading comprehension strategies and Meta-cognition and self-regulation.
The difference may indicate that children aged 10 or above who have not succeeded using phonics approaches previously require a different approach, or that these students have other difficulties related to vocabulary and comprehension which phonics does not target.
Qualified teachers tend to get better results when delivering phonics interventions up to twice the effectiveness of other staff , indicating that pedagogical expertise is a key component of successful teaching of early reading. A systematic review conducted by Macquarie University examined the impact of phonics on struggling readers.
The review was based on 11 studies, including one Australian study. It concluded that for struggling readers phonics had a moderate effect on word reading accuracy and a lower effect on reading comprehension and spelling.
Overall, the evidence base related to phonics is very secure. There have been a number of studies, reviews and meta-analyses that have consistently found that the systematic teaching of phonics is beneficial. Several robust studies of phonics programs in English have been published in recent years.
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