There was a beautiful layer of indigenous plant species recorded from the local forest office are now absent from study area. As the market is disappeared the people change their occupation and are migrated another places. There are some unplanned road and embankment based in the study area which shows the miserable situation of the people. This huge changes of river planform create stress on the aesthetic issues of the study area.
The barren place of at present; once was a beautiful village, or a productive cropland or a market places. Population displacement of the erosion prone area is very common phenomenon. The people of the study area have been categorized into four sub-groups in Harirampur upazila are: char people, main land people, and people on the riverbank, embankment and street dwellers.
The relocation status among the inhabitants of Lesragonj, Sutalori, Azimnagar, Dhulsonra and Knachanpur unions most significant. The number of relocated people is relatively high in the study area comparing to the non-eroded and less affected areas. For migration the people are choosing those areas where they have easy access, get land to cultivate, have necessary support from their relatives, scope of job opportunities, better life guarantees, have educational opportunity and access of basic needs.
The concept of vulnerability is a descriptor of the status of a society or community with respect to an imposed hazard or threat. Vulnerability to impacts is a multi-dimensional concept, encompassing bio-geophysical, economic, institutional and socio-cultural factors Islam et al. Table 7 represents the vulnerability scores for all the unions of study area.
Among the vulnerability indices and their contributing factors, a higher standard deviation SD is found in the case of vulnerability 0. But the average score of vulnerability 0. Based on the union level vulnerability index of study area six unions have vulnerability level of more than 0. Maximum of them are char area and faces several time to riverbank erosion.
Further, four unions have vulnerability level between 0. Unskilled workers are left with no opportunities to earn and hence, migrate to other areas. Social ties facilitate the process of migration Deshingkar et al. Hence they survive in worse situation by struggling with various natural calamities. The riverbank erosion causes a severe damage to the affected communities in the study area. Huge amount of fertile agricultural land is eroded every year. The cropping pattern of the agriculture land has been changed enormously and sometimes becomes barren land.
The infrastructural losses are also high in the area. The local people frequently change their settlement. From to the total eroded land was km 2 in the left bank and The statuses of farmers were decreased where the rich and medium farmers became marginal farmer and landless. The general practice observed in the study area is most of the landless people migrates urban areas for their livelihood. According to the results of vulnerability index, the most vulnerable unions are Boyra, Kanchanpur, Lesragonj, Azimnagar, Sutalori and Dhulsonra, whilst Balara and Balla are least vulnerable.
As riverbank erosion is one of the most hazardous processes in study area and creates long term effect, appropriate policies and program should accommodate to improve the livelihood status of the vulnerable areas.
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GA: Data analysis, preparing maps and reviewing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. He completed B. His interested areas of research are Water Science, Environmental crisis and management, Climate change. His interested areas of research are Climate change impacts and adaptation, Disaster management and Sustainability science.
Authors are also thankful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable contribution to develop the paper in current shape.
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Environ Syst Res 6, 25 Download citation. Received : 20 March Accepted : 24 November Published : 21 December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Download PDF. Research Open Access Published: 21 December Exploring impacts and livelihood vulnerability of riverbank erosion hazard among rural household along the river Padma of Bangladesh Mohammad Amir Hossain Bhuiyan 1 , S. Abstract Background Riverbank erosion has both direct and indirect effects on human life and socio-economy of Bangladesh.
Methods To evaluate the riverbank erosion hazard in the study area, data have been collected from relevant scientific literatures, different government and non-government organizations, informal interview, questionnaire survey and Focused Group Discussion; and analyzed through different computer program and index.
Results From the study, it was found that from to , about Conclusions As, riverbank erosion is one of the most hazardous disasters in the study area; so treating independent separate policies and program for the vulnerable areas might helpful to support the affected community. Mouton was promoted to the top tier in The Left Bank is also home to the Cru Bourgeois classification, which was recently relaunched as a three-tier system. A classification for dry red and white Graves wines was devised in and finalised in Unlike the Classifications, this ranking is frequently reviewed, currently every 10 years.
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Ask Decanter Highlights. It is well known that every large river or small river has a beginning - a source and an end - a mouth. Any schoolchild knows that the river carries its waters to the mouth of the source, the direction of flow of the river will be from source to mouth.
How to determine the river bank, right or left This can be done with the flow. If you face the stream, the left bank is on the left side, and the right bank is on the right side. As you can see, it's pretty simple. But if we swim against the current, the left bank will be on the right side, and the right bank will be on the left. It should be noted that the designation is conditional, as well as the concepts of "right" and "left". With the same success it would be possible to accept the definition of the left and the right bank, standing face up against the current.
Everything would be exactly the opposite, the left side would become right, and the right side - left. In geography, there are natural signs, objects, focusing on which, you can determine the position of the sides of the coast without any problems. It is also conditional, but accepted long ago and recognized by all.
The fact is that any river has two banks, which differ in a number of signs, such as height, steepness, and flatness. One bank is higher than the other, more steep, the other, gently sloping, is flooded during the flood of the rivers. All rivers have this property. Scientists-geographers made the rule, how to determine the river bank, right or left, and we now know how to do it.
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