Hooliganism was also associated with unsavoury political allegiances - few hooligan firms included non-white members, and many were aligned with the racist National Front party or similar organisations. The rise of hooliganism in the s came as the English leagues featured an increasing number of black players, many of whom experienced racial abuse including monkey chants, slurs and bananas thrown onto the pitch.
By the s, England football fans had gained an international reputation for hooliganism, visiting booze-fuelled violence on cities around the world when the national team played abroad.
The crisis came to a head in May , when Liverpool fans descended on Heysel Stadium in Brussels to watch the team play Juventus in the European Cup final. A police cordon had been set up to separate the rival fans, but minutes before kick-off, Liverpool hooligans overwhelmed the line of officers and charged into a stand of Juventus fans.
In the ensuing chaos, 39 people - most of them Italians and Juventus fans - were crushed to death by a collapsing wall as they attempted to escape the violence. The Heysel Stadium disaster shocked the world.
For the next five years, all English clubs were barred from European tournaments, and the British government and sporting bodies dramatically stepped up their efforts to curb football violence.
Beginning with the Football Spectators Act of , several new laws were introduced to give police and courts more powers to crack down on football-related violence, including stricter rules around alcohol consumption and a zero tolerance approach to racial abuse. Banning orders have proved to be a key weapon in the battle against hooliganism. Introduced in the Act and strengthened in , the orders can be used to bar troublemakers not only from stadiums but also from public transport and town centres on matchdays, and from travelling abroad for international fixtures.
The phenomenon of football hooliganism has been creatively explored in film, particularly in the 21st century. The film The Firm , featuring Gary Oldman, is considered to be one of the main forerunners of a genre of sports dramas that became increasingly popular in the s. Others include I. A number of the films from the genre have been positively received, earning a cult following, but in many cases they have been criticised for seeming to glorify hooliganism.
Below is a selection of films based on or related to football hooliganism, which is by no means exhaustive.
During the s and s, football hooliganism developed into a prominent issue in the United Kingdom to such an extent that it became widely referred to as ' the English disease ' or ' the British disease '. Firms, crews, squads and gangs regularly caused disturbances at games around the country, leading to the implementation of crowd segregation, as well as the erection of fences at stadiums in an effort to minimise clashes. In the mids, the British government, under Margaret Thatcher, established a 'war cabinet' to deal with the issue head on and it was one of the most talked-about topics in British society.
In , in the aftermath of the Heysel Stadium disaster that claimed 39 lives, UEFA banned English clubs from participating in their competitions for "an indeterminate period of time" and there was a lot of pressure on both football authorities and politicians to clamp down on the scourge of hooliganism.
The ban was fully lifted for the season onward after steps had been taken to tackle the issue, with English clubs being excluded from European tournaments for five years - Liverpool served six. Sportwetten Online bei sport. Evans, D. Martinez, P. Sinner, J v Murray, A. England v New Zealand. Republic of Ireland. Fortaleza EC. Tennis Alles sehen. Davidovich Fokina, A. Tiafoe, F. Sinner, J. Murray, A. Krajinovic, F. Auger-Aliassime, F. Paolini, J. Halep, S. American Football Alles sehen. Baltimore Ravens.
Miami Dolphins. Basketball Alles sehen. Washington Wizards. Cleveland Cavaliers. Brooklyn Nets. Orlando Magic. Milwaukee Bucks. New York Knicks.
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